Raw macrophage cell line m1 to m2 polarization

We demonstrated that P3C4, LPS, and ArtinM induced an increase in the levels of iNOS transcripts in RAW 264.7 cells, whereas the relative expression of arginase-1, Ym-1, and Fizz1 was significantly increased in the presence of IL-4 alone. gattii, then we evaluated in RAW 264.7 cell the effect of TLR2 and TLR4 agonists on the macrophage polarization dynamic and the impact on the growth of C. The macrophages initiate an immune response to combat the C. The impact of TLR2 and TLR4 signals to fight against Cryptococcus gattii infection is unknown, which is a fungal pathogen that preferentially infects the lung of immunocompetent individuals. Toll-like receptors (TLR) ligands, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), palmitoyl-3-cysteine-serine-lysine-4 (Pam3CSK4), and ArtinM (mannose-binding lectin) are inductors of M1 subset. The micro-environmental stimuli and signals in tissues are critical in the macrophage polarization. The M1 subset expresses inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is a primary marker to identify these cells, whereas M2 macrophages are characterized by expression of Arginase-1, found in inflammatory zone 1 (Fizz1), chitinase-like molecule (Ym-1), and CD206. The macrophage lineage is characterized by plasticity due to the acquisition of distinct functional phenotypes, and two major subsets are evaluated classical M1 activation (strong microbicidal activity) and alternative M2 activation (immunoregulatory functions). Pro-inflammatory response ensured by LPS and Pam3CSK4 in RAW 264.7 cells did not improve a fungistatic effect on Cryptococcus gattii infection. Cite this article de Campos GY, Oliveira RA, Oliveira-Brito PKM, Roque-Barreira MC, da Silva TA.

For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, RibeirГЈo Preto Medical School, University of SГЈo Paulo, RibeirГЈo Preto, SГЈo Paulo, Brazil DOI 10.7717/peerj.10295 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Hector Mora-Montes Subject Areas Cell Biology, Mycology, Immunology, Infectious Diseases Keywords Macrophage polarization, LPS, Pam3CSK4, TLR, Cryptococcus gattii, RAW 264.7 cells Copyright В© 2020 de Campos et al.

Raw macrophage cell line m1 to m2 polarization